After the German invasion in 1940, a number of French fascists served in the Vichy regime of Marshal Philippe Pétain. In the latter half of the 20th century, a resurgent fascism—termed neofascism—gained traction across Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and South Africa. Like the pre-World War II fascist movements, they were frequently xenophobic, ultranationalist, militaristic, and illiberal. But important differences emerged from these postwar fascist iterations. Many neofascists placed enormous importance on slowing or stemming immigration, particularly in dense urban areas. They also rebranded themselves as democratic to appeal to a world that had grown rapidly disillusioned with totalitarian regimes.

In 1939 Codreanu and several of his legionaries were arrested and "shot while trying to escape." In 1940 remnants of the Iron Guard reemerged to share power but were finally crushed by Romanian conservatives in February 1941. Italy’s fascist movement also began after World War I, although it achieved power in the mid-1920s. As the world’s first fascist dictator, Mussolini targeted democratic institutions, dismantled free speech, attacked political opponents, and engaged in heavy surveillance.

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